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High subtitle speed undoubtedly impacts the viewer experience. However, little is known about how fast subtitles might impact the reading of individual words. This article presents new findings on the effect of subtitle speed on viewers’ reading behavior using word-based eye-tracking measures with specific attention to word skipping and rereading. In multimodal reading situations such as reading subtitles in video, rereading allows people to correct for oculomotor error or comprehension failure during linguistic processing or integrate words with elements of the image to build a situation model of the video. However, the opportunity to reread words, to read the majority of the words in the subtitle and to read subtitles to completion, is likely to be compromised when subtitles are too fast. Participants watched videos with subtitles at 12, 20, and 28 characters per second (cps) while their eye movements were recorded. It was found that comprehension declined as speed increased. Eye movement records also showed that faster subtitles resulted in more incomplete reading of subtitles. Furthermore, increased speed also caused fewer words to be reread following both horizontal eye movements (likely resulting in reduced lexical processing) and vertical eye movements (which would likely reduce higher-level comprehension and integration).
This study investigated how semantically relevant auditory information might affect the reading of subtitles, and if such effects might be modulated by the concurrent video content. Thirty-four native Chinese speakers with English as their second language watched video with English subtitles in six conditions defined by manipulating the nature of the audio (Chinese/L1 audio vs. English/L2 audio vs. no audio) and the presence versus absence of video content. Global eye-movement analyses showed that participants tended to rely less on subtitles with Chinese or English audio than without audio, and the effects of audio were more pronounced in the presence of video presentation. Lexical processing of subtitles was not modulated by the audio. However, Chinese audio, which presumably obviated the need to read the subtitles, resulted in more superficial post-lexical processing of the subtitles relative to either the English or no audio. On the contrary, English audio accentuated post-lexical processing of the subtitles compared with Chinese audio or no audio, indicating that participants might use English audio to support subtitle reading (or vice versa) and thus engaged in deeper processing of the subtitles. These findings suggest that, in multimodal reading situations, eye movements are not only controlled by processing difficulties associated with properties of words (e.g., their frequency and length) but also guided by metacognitive strategies involved in monitoring comprehension and its online modulation by different information sources.
How to choose the most beneficial enforcement regime for cross-border claims of a client? A question considerably complicated by (1) the existence of various European Union enforcement tools and (2) particularities in the national legal systems that impact on the operation and suitability of the various enforcement tools. This book compares and analyses the practical utility and potential pitfalls of the 2nd generation regulations (European Enforcement Order, European Order for Payment, European Small Claims Procedure and European Account Preservation Order) and their relation to Brussels Ibis. Further, it analyses whether and to what extent all of the 2nd generation EU regulations prove their worth in the cross-border enforcement of claims, and which measures can be recommended for their practical improvement and for achieving greater consistency in European enforcement law. The work is based on an extensive evaluation of case law (more than 500 published and unpublished judgments), empirical data (150 interviews with practitioners) and literature from eight Member States (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Poland, Spain) and the Court of Justice of the European Union. It provides an extensive and up-to-date picture of the cross-border enforcement of claims across Europe and is an important resource for academics and practitioners alike. With contributions from Elena D'Alessandro (University of Torino), Samia Benaissa Pedriza (Complutense University, Madrid), Gilles Cuniberti (University of Luxembourg), Veerle Van Den Eeckhout (Max-Planck-Institute Luxembourg), Agnieszka Frackowiak-Adamska (University of Wroclaw), Jonathan Fitchen (University of Aberdeen), Fernando Gascón Inchausti (Complutense University, Madrid), Valeria Giugliano (University of Milan), Agnieszka Guzewicz (University of Wroclaw), Jan von Hein (University of Freiburg), Burkhard Hess (Max Planck Institute Luxembourg), Stefan Huber (University of Tübingen), Tilman Imm (University of Freiburg), Xandra Kramer (University of Rotterdam), Thalia Kruger (University of Antwerp), Agnieszka Lewestam-Rodziewicz (University of Wroclaw), Gerald Mäsch (University of Münster), Johan Meeusen (University of Antwerp), Gabriele Molinaro (University of Milan), Elena Alina Ontanu (University of Rotterdam), Carmen Otero García-Castrillón (Complutense University, Madrid), Fieke van Overbeeke (University of Antwerp), Max Peiffer (AssmannPeiffer Lawyers, Munich), Lidia Sandrini (University of Milan), Carlos Santaló Goris (Max-Planck-Institute Luxembourg), Bernhard Ulrici (University of Leipzig), Francesca Villata (University of Milan), Denise Wiedemann (Max-Planck-Institute Hamburg).
The n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA, play an important role in human health. As the intake of EPA and DHA from the diet is often inadequate, supplementation of those fatty acids is recommended. A novel source of n-3 PUFA is Calanus finmarchicus oil (CO) which contains fatty acids mainly bound in wax esters. To date, no data are available on the effects of long-term intake of this marine oil on n-3 PUFA blood levels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CO on the n-3 PUFA blood levels using the omega-3 index (O3I). The data originate from a larger randomised controlled trial. For this analysis, samples from seventy-two participants (59·2 (sd 6·2) years, BMI 27·7 (sd 5·28) kg/m2) were analysed. Of those, thirty-six performed 2×/week exercise and received 2 g of CO, which provided 124 mg stearidonic acid (SDA), 109 mg EPA and 87 mg DHA daily (EXCO group), while the other group performed exercise only (EX group) and served as a control for this analysis. The O3I increased from 6·07 (sd 1·29) % at baseline to 7·37 (sd 1·10) % after 12 weeks within the EXCO group (P < 0·001), while there were no significant changes in the EX group (6·01 (sd 1·26)–6·15 (sd 1·32) %, P = 0·238). These data provide first evidence that wax ester-bound n-3 PUFA from CO can significantly increase the O3I despite relatively low EPA + DHA amounts. Further, the effects of exercise could be excluded.
The time-resolved evolution of intermetallic phase formation in the system pure Sn (polycrystalline coating with a thickness of several microns) on pure Cu (polycrystalline bulk substrate) was investigated in detail by means of focused ion beam and transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction during aging at room temperature for a period of about 1 year. The availability of this coherent data base allowed interpretation of the evolution of intermetallic compound (IMC) formation in terms of interface thermodynamics and interdiffusion kinetics. On this basis spontaneous Sn whiskering on the surface of the Sn coating as a consequence of intermetallic phase (Cu6Sn5) formation along, specifically, Sn grain boundaries intersecting the Sn/Cu interfaces could be discussed. Moreover, a treatment to mitigate spontaneous Sn whiskering on the basis of thermodynamic control of the IMC morphology was proposed.
Chance discoveries of weapons, horse bones and human skeletal remains along the banks of the River Tollense led to a campaign of research which has identified them as the debris from a Bronze Age battle. The resources of war included horses, arrowheads and wooden clubs, and the dead had suffered blows indicating face-to-face combat. This surprisingly modern and decidedly vicious struggle took place over the swampy braided streams of the river in an area of settled, possibly coveted, territory. Washed along by the current, the bodies and weapons came to rest on a single alluvial surface.